phgFoundationOrg .....DID YOU KNOW THAT.... Your body has 100 trillion cells of which 90 trillion cells are not your own... meaning not forming your body parts but are of organisms who are your fellow travelers in your own body..... and are  bacteria, viruses, fungi and a panoply of other microorganisms... and the 90 trillion organisms have figured out a way to network with our body's immune system so your immune system doesn’t attack them.... The latest life-sciences research shows that these fellow travelers in your body whom we have named as "microbiome" are the microbial ecosystems that have long populated our guts, mouths, noses and every other nook and cranny play crucial roles in keeping us healthy.... ....And that modern trends — diet, antibiotics, obsession with cleanliness, Caesarean delivery of babies — are disrupting this delicate balance, contributing to some of the most perplexing ailments, including asthma, allergies, obesity, diabetes, autoimmune diseases, cancer and perhaps even autism..... ....And that one intriguing finding is that babies born through Caesarean sections apparently miss out on acquiring their mothers’ fellow traveler microbiota..... ....And a wow moment!!!!!....Intriguing clues also are emerging about how these microbe fellow travelers  may affect the brain..... Bacteria in the gut appear to influence brain chemistry, and corresponding behaviors such as anxiety, stress and depression....“This may have implications for new lines of thinking to address some of the psychiatric problems you see among humans....Together with genetic susceptibility, this may influence what doctors classify as autism or ADHD...... ....In summery....Some equate these microbial inhabitants to a newly recognized organ. Acquired beginning at birth, this mass of fellow travelers may help steer normal development, molding immune systems and calibrating fundamental metabolic functions such as  energy storage and consumption. There are even tantalizing clues they may help shape brain development, influencing behavior...... PVAF presents the above summary of today's sharing of emerging Life-sciences Knowledge to get you excited to make pursuing Knowledge the prime objective of your life....and thus empowering yourself you meet all your life's wish-desire-wants because Knowledge also gets you wealth without which even life-happiness in not possible as per lots of research.... Without much further ado....to get the full report on the above summary and also get in-depth Knowledge fitting your lifestyle needs through hyperlinked Knowledge sources...please travel to the next webpage in your quest for a happier tomorrow simply because you are gaining more Life-Knowledge today which you can use for yourself and your fellow earthlings....

.....today is a good day to keep on scrolling.... .... for your Knowledge quest.... ... to know your own body and  the 90 trillion microbiome guests you host/support daily in your body.... ...of course without charge!!!!!..or is it???  MotherNatureNetwork Human gene catalog reveals body is mostly a mystery.... Scientists have looked at 178 different microbes and discovered that more than 90 percent of their genetic sequences are unknown.... click on the photo source above to read more....   ....A look at microbes in the human body..... ....Microbes may play crucial role in human health, ...researchers discovering (From: Washington Post: USA: October 10, 2011: By Rob Stein) Consider this: The average person’s body contains about 100 trillion cells, but only maybe one in 10 is human. This isn’t the latest Hollywood horror flick, or some secret genetic engineering experiment run amok. This, it turns out, is nature’s way: The human cells that form our skin, eyes, ears, brain and every other part of our bodies are far outnumbered by those from microbes, primarily bacteria but also viruses, fungi and a panoply of other microorganisms. That thought might make a lot of people lunge for the hand sanitizer, at the least. But that predictable impulse may be exactly the wrong one. A growing body of evidence indicates that the microbial ecosystems that have long populated our guts, mouths, noses and every other nook and cranny play crucial roles in keeping us healthy. Moreover, researchers are becoming more convinced that modern trends — diet, antibiotics, obsession with cleanliness, Caesarean delivery of babies — are disrupting this delicate balance, contributing to some of the most perplexing ailments, including asthma, allergies, obesity, diabetes, autoimmune diseases, cancer and perhaps even autism. “In terms of potential for human health, I would place it with stem cells as one of the two most promising areas of research at the moment,” said Rob Knight  of the University of Colorado. “We’re seeing an unprecedented rate of discovery. Everywhere we look, microbes seem to be involved.” Equipped with super-fast new DNA decoders, scientists are accelerating the exploration of this realm at a molecular level, yielding provocative insights into how these microbial stowaways may wield far greater powers than previously appreciated in, paradoxically, making us human. “The field has exploded,” said Jeffrey I. Gordon of Washington University, who pioneered the exploration of humanity’s microbial inhabitants, known as the “microbiome” or “microbiota.” “People have this sense of wonderment about looking at themselves as a compilation of microbial and human parts.” Some equate these microbial inhabitants to a newly recognized organ. Acquired beginning at birth, this mass of fellow travelers may help steer normal development, molding immune systems and calibrating fundamental metabolic functions such as energy storage and consumption. There are even tantalizing clues they may help shape brain development, influencing behavior. “The ‘human supraorganism’ is one term coined to describe the human host and all the attendant microorganisms,” said Lita M. Proctor, who leads the Human Microbiome Project at the National Institutes of Health, which is mapping this world. “There’s been a real revolution in thinking about what that means.” Investigators are trying to identify which organisms may truly be beneficial “probiotics” that people could take to help their health. Others are finding substances that people might ingest to nurture the good bugs. Drugs may mimic the helpful compounds that these organisms produce. Doctors have even begun microbiota “transplants” to treat a host of illnesses, including a sometimes-devastating gastrointestinal infection called C. difficile, digestive system ailments such as Crohn’s disease, colitis and irritable bowel disorder, and even in a handful of cases obesity and other afflictions, such as multiple sclerosis. Many advocates of the research urge caution, noting that most of the work so far has involved laboratory animals or small numbers of patients, many hypotheses remain far from proven and nothing has zero risk. “We have to be very careful in how we state what we know at the present time versus what we think might be true at this point,” said David A. Relman of Stanford University. “But it’s probably fair to say that our indigenous communities are more diverse, more complex and more intimately and intricately involved in our biology than we thought.” Scientists have long known that many organisms evolved with humans and perform vital functions, digesting food, extracting crucial nutrients, fighting off disease-causing entities. “We feed them and house them and they perform certain metabolic functions for us that we have sort of contracted out,” said Martin J. Blaser of the New York University School of Medicine. “The homeboys protect their turf from invaders.” But as microbiologists have begun scrutinizing  these colonies, it has become clearer that they create carefully calibrated enterprises, with unique combinations inhabiting individual crevices and identifiable nuances from person to person. “We just don’t pick up willy-nilly any microbe in the soil or air we encounter,” Relman said. European scientists reported  in April that people generally seem to have one of three basic combinations that may be as fundamentally important as, say, blood type. The five-year, $175 million U.S. Human Microbiome Project is assembling an outline of a “healthy” microbiome by sampling the mouth, airway, skin, gut and urogenital tract of 300 healthy adults, as well as deciphering the genetic codes of 200 possibly key microbes. Dozens of studies are also underway, including some that are repeatedly swabbing kids and adults, including twins, to gain insights into why one person gets tooth decay, asthma, ulcerative colitis or even cancer, and another doesn’t. “We’re using microbes as markers for the onset of various diseases or progression of diseases,” said Karen E. Nelson, who runs the J. Craig Venter Institute in Rockville. “We think we’re going to have a huge impact on health.” Birth, development and disease One intriguing finding is that babies born through Caesarean sections apparently miss out on acquiring their mothers’ microbiota. “The birth canal is very heavily colonized by bacteria,” said Maria Dominguez-Bello, a University of Puerto Rico biologist who has been studying microbiota around the world, including in isolated tribes in the Amazon. “We think that is not by chance.” The rising number of C-section babies denied this colonization, along with the casual use of antibiotics and other factors that can alter the microbiota, might help explain trends such as rising incidents of asthma and food allergies caused by misfiring immune systems. To explore this, researchers have begun following C-section babies, comparing their microbiomes and their health with babies delivered through the birth canal. The interaction between the microbiota and the immune system may also play a role in other diseases in adults, including those caused at least in part by chronic inflammation from hyperactive immune systems. “Gut bacteria have figured out a way to network with our immune system so it doesn’t attack them,” said Sarkis K. Mazmanian of the California Institute of Technology. The microbiota apparently sends signals that dampen the “inflammatory response,” a crucial defense also believed to play a role in a variety of diseases, including many forms of cancer, the “metabolic syndrome” caused by obesity, diabetes and heart disease. The theory is that one reason some people may be prone to these diseases is that they are missing certain microbes. One anti-inflammatory compound produced by a bacterium appears to cure the equivalent of colitis and multiple sclerosis in mice, both of which are caused by misfiring immune systems, Mazmanian found. Role in obesity? Similarly, studies indicate that gut dwellers secrete messengers to cells lining the digestive tract to modulate key hormones, such as leptin and ghrelin, which are players in regulating metabolism, hunger and a sense of fullness. Pregnant women often take antibiotics, and young children can get several rounds to fight ear and other infections, which can kill off these companions. Farmers commonly add antibiotics to animal feed to fatten their animals faster. “We may have a generation of children growing up without the proper bacteria to regulate their leptin and ghrelin,” Blaser said. Obese people appear to have a distinctive mix of digestive bacteria that make them prone to weight gain. Thin mice get fatter when their microbiota is replaced with the microbes of obese animals. “Our ancient microbiome is losing the equilibrium it used to have with the host — us — and that has profound physiological consequences,” said Blaser, who published his concerns in an August paper in the journal Nature. Microbes and the mind Intriguing clues also are emerging about how microbes may affect the brain. Manipulating gut microbiomes of mice influences their anxiety and activity, Swedish researchers reported in January in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. “This may have implications for new lines of thinking to address some of the psychiatric problems you see among humans,” said Sven Pettersson, a professor of host-microbial interaction at the Karolinska Institute. “Together with genetic susceptibility, this may influence what doctors classify as autism or ADHD.” In another experiment involving mice, a Canadian-Irish team reported in August that bacteria in the gut appear to influence brain chemistry, and corresponding behaviors such as anxiety, stress and depression, via the vagus nerve. “What we’ve shown is you change behavior as well as make changes in the brain,” said John Bienenstock, director of the Brain-Body Institute at McMaster University. “Now we have direct proof how that happens. That’s why this is exciting.” The human micro-zoo Scientists have begun to find tantalizing clues to the roles that different ecosystems of microbes play in keeping people healthy and making them sick. Read related article. Sources: New York University, California Institute of Technology, National Institutes of Health, University of Maryland, CDC. Graphic: The Washington Post. Published on October 9, 2011, 7:39 p.m. Wikipedia Depiction of the human body and bacteria that predominate .....ABOUT HUMAN MICROBEOME PROJECT... (From Wikipedia) The Human Microbiome Project (HMP) is a United States National Institutes of Health initiative with the goal of identifying and characterizing the microorganisms which are found in association with both healthy and diseased humans (their microbial flora). Launched in 2008,[1] it is a five-year project, best characterized as a feasibility study, and has a total budget of $115 million. The ultimate goal of this and similar NIH-sponsored microbiome projects is to test if changes in the human microbiome are associated with human health or disease. This topic is currently not well-understood. Important components of the Human Microbiome Project will be culturing-independent methods of microbial community characterization, such as metagenomics (which provides a broad genetic perspective on a single microbial community), as well as extensive whole-genome sequencing (which provides a "deep" genetic perspective on certain aspects of a given microbial community, i.e., of individual bacterial species). The latter will serve as reference genomic sequences — 600 such sequences of individual bacterial isolates are currently planned — for comparison purposes during subsequent metagenomic analysis. The microbiology of five body sites will be emphasized: oral, skin, vaginal, gut, and nasal/lung. The project also financed deep sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA sequences amplified by PCR from human subjects. Context and importance of HMP Total microbial cells found in association with humans may exceed the total number of cells making up the human body by a factor of ten-to-one. The total number of genes associated with the human microbiome could exceed the total number of human genes by a factor of 100-to-one. Many of these organisms have not been successfully cultured, identified, or otherwise characterized. Organisms expected to be found in the human microbiome, however, may generally be categorized as bacteria (the majority), members of domain Archaea, yeasts, and single-celled eukaryotes as well as various helminth parasites and viruses, the latter including viruses that infect the cellular microbiome organisms (e.g., bacteriophages, the viruses of bacteria). "The HMP will address some of the most inspiring, vexing and fundamental scientific questions today. Importantly, it also has the potential to break down the artificial barriers between medical microbiology and environmental microbiology. It is hoped that the HMP will not only identify new ways to determine health and predisposition to diseases but also define the parameters needed to design, implement and monitor strategies for intentionally manipulating the human microbiota, to optimize its performance in the context of an individual's physiology."[1] The HMP has been described as "a logical conceptual and experimental extension of the Human Genome Project"[2]. In 2007 the Human Microbiome Project was listed on the NIH Roadmap for Medical Research as one of the New Pathways to Discovery. Organized characterization of the human microbiome is also being done internationally under the auspices of the International Human Microbiome Consortium. The Canadian Institutes of Health Research, through the CIHR Institute of Infection and Immunity, is leading the Canadian Microbiome Initiative to develop a coordinated and focused research effort to analyze and characterize the microbes that colonize the human body and its potential alteration during chronic disease state.  Distributed computing initiative The distributed computing project World Community Grid now[when?] operates a human microbiome application, which can be run as background software on home computers with World Community Grid installed. See also List of human flora Enterotype Related entries Bacterial disease Body odor Environmental microbiology Genome project Genomics Gut flora Human flora Infectious disease List of Archaea genera List of Bacteria genera List of clinically important bacteria List of infectious diseases List of human diseases associated with infectious pathogens List of sequenced archaeal genomes List of sequenced prokaryotic genomes List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes List of viruses Medical microbiology Metagenomics, links to references follow… …of bodies …of extreme environments …of marine ecosystems …of sediments Microbial ecology Microflora Oral microbiology Skin flora Superorganism Vaginal flora External links Data Analysis and Coordination Center Human Microbiome Project The CIHR Canadian Microbiome Initiative The International Human Microbiome Consortium 2008, Request for applications, Human Microbiome Demonstration Projects (UH2/UH3) (May 22, 2008 = deadline for submission) 2008, Request for applications, Metagenomic Analyses of the Oral Microbiome (R01) 2007, Article, "The Human Microbiome Project", as published in Nature 2006, Lay summary of colon microbiome study (the actual study: Gill et al., 2006) 2006 (or 2005), Proposal, Human Gut Microbiome Initiative (HGMI) Olivia Judson Microbes ‘R’ Us New York Times 22 July 2009

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